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Pea soup, or a pea souper, also known as a black fog, killer fog or smog is a very thick and often yellowish, greenish, or blackish fog caused by air pollution that contains soot particulates and the poisonous gas sulfur dioxide. This very thick smog occurs in cities and is derived from the smoke given off by the burning of soft coal for home heating and in industrial processes. Smog of this intensity is often lethal to vulnerable people such as the elderly, the very young and those with respiratory problems. Pea soup fog was once prevalent in UK cities, especially London, where the coal smoke from millions of chimneys combined with the mists and fogs of the Thames valley. The result was commonly known as a London particular or London fog, which then, in a reversal of the idiom, became the name for a thick pea and ham soup. King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem. By the 17th century London's pollution had become a serious problem, still due, in particular, to the burning of cheap, readily available sea coal. John Evelyn, advisor to King Charles II, defined the problem in his pamphlet, “Fumifugium: Or, the Inconvenience of the Aer, and Smoake of London Dissipated”〔( Text of ''Fumifugium'' )〕〔( HTML text of ''Fumifugium'' ).〕〔He shewes that 't is the seacoale smoake That allways London doth Inviron, Which doth our Lungs and Spiritts choake, Our hanging spoyle, and rust our Iron. Lett none att Fumifuge be scoffing Who heard att Church our Sundaye's Coughing. from; "Ballad of Gresham College". Original text.〕 published in 1661, blaming coal, a “subterrany fuel” that had “a kind of virulent or arsenical vapour arising from it” for killing many. He proposed the relocation of industry out of the city and the planting of massive gardens of “odiferous flowers” to “tinge the air” and thus mask the pollution. Luke Howard, a pioneer in urban climate studies, published ''The Climate of London'' in 1818–20, in which he uses the term 'city fog' and describes the heat island effect which concentrated the accumulation of smog over the city.〔Landsberg, Helmut Erich (1981). The urban climate. Academic Press, New York, p.3.〕 ==Origins of the term 'pea soup' fog== Reference to the sources of smog, along with the earliest use of 'pea-soup' as a descriptor, is found in a report by John Sartain published in 1820 on life as a young artist, recounting what it was like to; "...slink home through a fog as thick and as yellow as the pea-soup of the eating house; return to your painting room () having opened your window at going out, to find the stink of the paint rendered worse, if possible, by the entrance of the fog, which, being a compound from the effusions of gas pipes, tan yards, chimneys, dyers, blanket scourers, breweries, sugar bakers, and soap boilers, may easily be imagined not to improve the smell of a painting room!" 〔John Sartain (1820). Annals of the fine arts. London, Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, digitised by Moore College of Art, Philadelphia, p.80〕 An 1871 ''New York Times'' article refers to "London, particularly, where the population are periodically submerged in a fog of the consistency of pea soup..." The fogs caused large numbers of deaths from respiratory problems. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pea soup fog」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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